The Inspiring Journey of Henry Box Brown

Henry "Box" Brown’s story stands out as one of the most remarkable escapes from slavery in American history. His daring journey to freedom, achieved by shipping himself in a wooden box, captures the courage and determination of those who fought against the brutal system of slavery.

This story not only highlights the resilience of one man but also serves as a powerful symbol during Black History Month, a time dedicated to honoring the struggles and achievements of African Americans.

Henry "Box" Brown engraving from 1849

Henry Box Brown’s Early Life and Enslavement

Henry Brown was born into slavery in Richmond, Virginia in 1815. Like many enslaved people, he endured harsh conditions and the constant threat of being sold away from his family. Brown worked as a carpenter and a shoemaker, skills that gave him some autonomy, but did not protect him from the cruelty of slavery.

The turning point in Brown’s life came when he learned that his wife and children were at risk of being sold to a distant state. Faced with the possibility of permanent separation Brown decided to take a bold step toward freedom.

The Daring Escape in a Wooden Box

On March 29, 1849, Henry Brown arranged to have himself shipped from Richmond, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania inside a wooden crate which was stamped "Dry Goods." Brown enlisted the help of James C. A. Smith, a free black man, as well as a sympathetic white shoemaker named Samuel A. Smith (no relation). Brown paid Samuel Smith $86 (equivalent to about $3,250), which was more than half of his savings of $166. To get out of work that day he purposefully burned his hand with sulfuric acid.

The box measured about 3 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 2.5 feet deep. It had small holes for air and was padded with cloth to protect him during the journey. He brought a small container of water and some biscuits. Adams Express Company, known for its confidentiality and efficiency, was the company used for the shipment.

Henry “Box” Brown illustration by Kent Barton

"If you have never been deprived of your liberty, as I was, you cannot realize the power of that hope of freedom, which was to me indeed, an anchor to the soul both sure and steadfast."

~ Henry Brown, Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown

The trip lasted approximately 27 hours. Brown was transported first by wagon, then railroad, steamboat, wagon again, railroad, ferry, railroad, and finally delivered by wagon. Though the box was marked "this side up," Brown was turned downward twice during the 27-hour ride, and once remained so for 18 miles.

If discovered, he would have faced severe punishment or death. Despite these risks Brown’s plan succeeded without incident. He arrived safely the following day in Philadelphia where abolitionists helped him gain his freedom. When Brown was released, one of the men remembered his first words as: "How do you do, gentlemen?"

Henry “Box” Brown illustration of his arrival in Philadelphia

Life After Freedom and Advocacy

After his escape, Henry Box Brown became a prominent speaker and performer in the abolitionist movement. He toured the United States and Europe, sharing his story through speeches and lectures, as well as dramatic reenactments of his escape. Brown’s narrative helped raise awareness about the horrors of slavery and inspired others to support the cause of abolition.

Brown also used his experience to advocate for the rights of African Americans and to promote the Underground Railroad, a network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom. His story became a symbol of hope and resistance.

Henry Box Brown died in Toronto, Canada on June 15, 1897.

Henry Brown's gravesite - photo by Brian Mackie

Henry Box Brown’s Legacy

Black History Month celebrates the achievements and contributions of African Americans throughout history. Henry Box Brown’s story is a vital part of this celebration because it illustrates the lengths to which enslaved people went to claim their freedom and dignity.

His journey reminds us of the human cost of slavery and the courage required to overcome it. Brown’s life encourages reflection on the ongoing struggle for racial equality and justice. By sharing his story during Black History Month, educators and communities keep alive the memory of those who fought for freedom and inspire future generations to continue the work toward equality.

Why Henry Box Brown’s Story Matters Today

Brown’s escape is more than a historical anecdote; it is a lesson in resilience and creativity in the face of oppression. His story teaches us:

• The power of determination to overcome seemingly impossible obstacles

• The importance of self-advocacy and taking bold action

• The role of community support in achieving justice and freedom

  
  

In today’s context, where discussions about racial justice and equality remain urgent, Brown’s journey offers a powerful example of courage and hope.

Read more about Black History celebrations, important figures and local resources on our Black History page.